江西首例“变性广告侵权”案法律评析/邝宪平

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江西首例“变性广告侵权”案法律评析

邝宪平


【案情介绍】

  2009年3月13日,江西某晚报刊登了一则广告,该广告内容为:一个老年人曾流着泪告诉妻子,他决定要做女人,妻子悲伤万分,无法接受。再三苦劝,但已下定决心的他只是简单地说:“老伴,我做了60年的男人,想做10年的女人,你是希望老伴幸福快乐走完人生旅程,还是希望他永远活在心理的阴影下,最后带着遗憾离开世间?”老伴无言了。同时该广告配发了一张披肩长发,体态丰腴,眼光里写满了自信的大幅全身照,再加上“江西第一变性人回韩美欲进行皮肤美容”的通栏大幅标题。这则广告以记者的手笔,采取一问一答的形式,详细报道该老年人做了江西第一例重大意义上的变性手术的前前后后。文中还称,他是全国年龄最大的变性人。

  此广告一经刊出,在社会上引起了巨大的反响。江西第一变性人手术成功,这绝对在南昌乃至江西是个爆炸性新闻。在信息发达的今天,网友通过“搜索”,发现这位老年人原来就是周军的消息不胫而走。周军很快被人们所知晓,他的隐私也暴露于大众,严重影响了周军的正常工作和生活。周军2009年3月27日把某晚报和某美容医院一起告到南昌市青山湖区人民法院湖坊法庭,要求他们停止侵权、登报声明:09年3月13日A15版的报道是虚假新闻,赔礼道歉(以不小于该广告四分之一的版面);赔偿精神损失20万元。


【审理结果】

  法院经审理认为,公民的肖像权、名誉权受法律保护。周军的照片、周军在某美容医院整形的事实及纯属周军个人的其他情况,在未得到周军许可的情况下,任何单位及个人不应擅自公开,某美容医院未经周军允许,在某晚报进行商业广告宣传,将周军的照片、真实姓名及整形经历向大众公开,周军不愿披露的真实身份及个人隐私由此公布,该行为造成了对周军肖像权、名誉权的侵害,法院对周军要求被告登报致歉的主张予以支持。

  关于某美容医院辩称,其使用周军照片进行广告宣传经过了周军本人同意的意见,周军予以否认,某美容医院也未能提供充分有效的证据予以证实,故法院对该意见不予采纳。关于被告之一某晚报辩称本案不构成名誉侵权,其与某美容医院之间有内部约定,不应承担侵权责任的意见,依法不能成立,法院亦不予采纳。

  针对周军由此受到的精神损害赔偿问题,因周军的证据并不能完全证明周军受到的伤害程度,法院根据该案的实际情形酌情予以支持。根据有关法律规定,判决某美容医院和某晚报刊登声明,向周军赔礼道歉(具体内容须经法院审查);某美容医院和某晚报共同赔偿周军精神损害抚慰金5万元;同时驳回周军的其他诉讼请求。


【法律评析】

  这是一起因泄露和宣扬个人隐私而引起的名誉权诉讼案件。所谓隐私,又称私人生活秘密或私生活秘密,是指私人生活安宁不受他人非法干涉,私人信息保密不受他人非法搜集、刺探和公开等。公民隐私未经本人同意不得披露,是现代法治对公民基本权利予以保护的本质要求。我国《民法通则》中没有规定公民享有隐私权,最高人民法院的司法解释将公民隐私权的保护纳入到名誉权的保护之中。最高人民法院《关于贯彻执行〈民法通则〉若干问题的意见(试行)》第140条规定:“以书面、口头等形式宣扬他人的隐私,或捏造事实公然丑化他人人格,以及用侮辱、诽谤等方式损害他人名誉,造成一定影响的,应当认定为侵害公民名誉权的行为。”最高人民法院在《关于审理名誉侵权案件若干问题的解答》中强调指出:“对未经他人同意,擅自公布他人的隐私材料或以书面、口头形式宣扬他人隐私,致他人名誉受到损害的,按照侵害他人名誉权处理。”“文中有……披露隐私的内容,致其名誉受到损害的,应认定为侵害他人名誉权。”据此,如以书面、口头的形式公布、披露和宣扬他人的隐私造成一定影响的,并且行为人主观上有过错的,行为人就应承担侵犯他人名誉权的民事责任。本案中原告患有“易性癖”因而作了变性手术,这种客观事实构成原告的隐私。而人们对这种变性人普遍存在着偏见也是不争的事实,而被告披露了这一隐私,给原告的生活和工作造成了严重负面影响,已经构成对其名誉权的侵害。

  被告某美容医院辩称“网络是无地界的,周军早已在自己的博客上向世人公示了作为一个女人的真实形象,已没有任何隐私而言。”。对此笔者认为,隐私是指个人的私生活,包括个人生活和行为上所不愿公开的一切秘密。周军在其女人梦博客里公开其经过化妆了的变性照片,只表明周军仅仅同意照片在自己的私人博客范围内公开,并不等于许可超出该范围而公开,对范围以外的人来说,仍然是一个不应公开的秘密。每个公民都有保护其隐私的权利,任何组织和个人非经合法程序和途径都不得擅自宣扬和泄露他人隐私。

  被告的行为也构成对原告肖像权的侵犯。肖像权是指公民的个人形象通过摄影、造型或其他形式再现所享有的专有权以及不受非法侵害的权利。根据我国《民法通则》第100条的规定:“公民享有肖像权,未经本人同意,不得以营利为目的使用公民的肖像。”最高人民法院《关于贯彻执行〈民法通则〉若干问题的意见(试行)》第139条规定:“以营利为目的,未经公民同意利用其肖像做广告、商标、装饰橱窗等,应当认定为侵犯公民肖像权的行为。”由此可见,构成侵犯公民肖像权的行为,通常应具备两个要件:一是未经本人同意;二是以营利为目的。常见的侵犯公民肖像权的行为,主要是未经本人同意、以营利为目的使用他人肖像做商业广告、商品装潢、书刊封面及印刷挂历等。本案中,某美容医院辩称,其使用周军照片进行广告宣传经过了周军本人同意,周军予以否认,某美容医院也未能提供充分有效的证据予以证实,最后法院认定某美容医院侵犯了周军的肖像权。

  2009年3月13日,某美容医院在某晚报A15版刊登的周军变性广告,导致周军隐私暴露于大众,严重影响了周军的正常工作和生活,某美容医院和某晚报的行为属于对周军的共同侵权,他们二者应当对周军承担连带赔偿责任。根据最高人民法院《关于审理人身损害赔偿案件适用法律若干问题的解释》第三条和第五条规定,所谓共同侵权,是指二人以上共同故意或者共同过失,或者虽无共同故意、共同过失,但其侵害行为直接结合发生同一损害后果的,构成共同侵权。共同侵权人承担的是连带责任,赔偿权利人起诉部分共同侵权人的,人民法院应当追加其他共同侵权人作为共同被告。本案中,某晚报辩称其与某美容医院之间有内部约定,不应承担侵权责任的抗辩事由是错误的。侵权责任的抗辩事由,是指加害人针对受害人提出的民事赔偿请求,提出合理原因,要求免除或减轻其赔偿责任的事实。根据抗辩事由的性质可以分为正当理由与外来原因。所谓正当理由,是指加害人虽实施了对受害人构成损失的行为,但其行为是正当的、合法的。正当理由包括以下四种:(1)依法执行职务的行为。(2)正当防卫行为。(3)紧急避险行为。(4)受害人同意的行为。外来原因,是指损害的发生不是被告的行为造成的,而是被告之外的其他原因造成的。根据外来原因的不同,又分为:(1)不可抗力。(2)受害人的过错。(3)第三人的过错。因此,某晚报称其与某美容医院之间有内部约定的辩解,不是侵权责任的抗辩事由。

  周军受到的精神损害赔偿,因周军的证据并不能完全证明周军受到的伤害程度,法院根据该案的实际情形判决某美容医院和某晚报共同赔偿周军精神损害抚慰金5万元。所谓精神损害,是指民事主体依法享有的人格权和身份权受到不法侵害,遭受到的精神上的痛苦。精神损害赔偿的内容除要求侵权人承担停止侵害、恢复名誉、消除影响、赔礼道歉等民事责任外,受害人还可要求侵权人赔偿相应的精神损害抚慰金。精神损害赔偿的数额根据以下因素确定:(1)侵权人的过错程度,法律另有规定的除外:(2)侵害的手段、场合、行为方式等具体情节;(3)侵权行为所造成的后果;(4)侵权人的获利情况;(5)侵权人承担责任的经济能力;(6)受诉法院所在地平均生活水平。

  综上所述,周军的照片、周军在某美容医院整形的事实及纯属周军个人的其他情况,某美容医院未经周军允许,在某晚报进行商业广告宣传,将周军的照片、真实姓名及整形经历向大众公开,周军不愿披露的真实身份及个人隐私由此公布,该行为造成了对周军肖像权、名誉权的侵害。某美容医院和某晚报应当承担刊登声明,向周军赔礼道歉,共同赔偿精神损害抚慰金的侵权责任。

作者:江西祥昀律师事务所邝宪平律师

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关于发布食品安全国家标准《食品生产通用卫生规范》(GB14881-2013)的公告

国家卫生和计划生育委员会


关于发布食品安全国家标准《食品生产通用卫生规范》(GB14881-2013)的公告




根据《中华人民共和国食品安全法》和《食品安全国家标准管理办法》规定,经食品安全国家标准审评委员会审查通过,现发布食品安全国家标准《食品生产通用卫生规范》(GB14881-2013)。
  特此公告。

  附件:食品安全国家标准 食品生产通用卫生规范.pdf
http://www.moh.gov.cn/ewebeditor/uploadfile/2013/06/20130627120342237.pdf


国家卫生和计划生育委员会
2013年5月24日

国务院办公厅转发口岸领导小组关于加强疏港工作几项补充规定的通知(附英文)

国务院办公厅


国务院办公厅转发口岸领导小组关于加强疏港工作几项补充规定的通知(附英文)

1986年6月7日,国办

通知
国务院同意口岸领导小组制订的《关于加强疏港工作的几项补充规定》,现转发给你们,请认真贯彻执行。

国务院口岸领导小组关于加强疏港工作的几项补充规定(一九八六年五月十五日)
《关于加强疏港工作的几项规定》(以下简称《规定》)实施以来,对加强外贸运输的计划管理,加速港口货物集疏,提高经济效益,起到了一定作用。但在执行过程中,发现《规定》有些地方不够明确,为了进一步搞好疏港工作,经商得有关部门同意,现作如下补充规定:
一、为了维护计划的严肃性,必须严格执行交通、铁道、经贸三部平衡的月度运输计划。各提报单位报送的运输计划必须符合实际。凡是平衡后纳入月度船货到港运输计划的,在执行中发生计划落空时,对提报单位处以每吨五角的罚款。对确有客观原因不能落实计划的,免予罚款。
二、关于《规定》中用几项罚款问题。(一)凡集中到港的大宗物资(季节性商品除外),以年度计划的月平均水平为准,超过15%的,按《规定》对订货公司处以罚款。(二)凡没有年度运输计划,又未按有关规定办理追加计划而自行到货的,应按《规定》对货主处以罚款。(三)凡未按有关规定提报月度计划的,应按《规定》作无计划处理。属我方派船的,对船舶公司处以罚款;属对方派船的,对订货公司处以罚款。
三、凡计划内到船,并跨两个港以上接卸的,前一港船舶代理公司应按规定将船舶抵达下一港的动态,通告下一港船泊代理公司,并转报下一港口岸办、港务局等有关单位,对误期未报者,由外代总公司或外运总公司给予各自的船舶代理公司通报批评。
四、经交通、铁道、经贸三部平衡的月度到船到货计划,由交通部统一下达,并抄送铁道、经贸两部运输局及国务院口岸办。各港务局接到交通部月度计划后,要及时抄送当地口岸办、铁路车站、外运公司。当地口岸办以交通部月度计划文本作为督促、检查和无计划运输罚款的依据。
铁路月度港口装卸车计划,仍按现行办法办理。
五、月度运输计划是执行年度运输计划的具体保证。各港口、铁路、货主(代理人)必须各负其责,按月度平衡计划组织实施。(一)计划内到船,不能出现“超月船”,交通部要将是否出现“超月船”作为考核港口的主要指标之一,进行定期检查。对出现的“超月船”,因港方原因,由交通部通报批评;因外运原因,由经贸部通报批评。(二)要确保完成铁路月度运输计划。因铁路方面的责任未完成的,由铁路主管部门通报批评。(三)对违背定港合理流向的到港物资,除限额以内(杂货不超五百吨,大宗物资不超一千吨)的外,原则上铁路不予疏运。如有特殊情况,需经铁道部主管单位批准,否则自负经济损失。(四)口岸各有关单位签订双边与多边经济协议,是调动各方面积极性,加快车、船、货周转的必要手段,各地口岸办要积极组织好这项工作。
六、为保证计划内到船的靠泊装卸,要严格控制签订临时单船速遣协议。计划外到船不得签订速遣协议。各港口应严格按交通部颁发的《外贸船舶在中国港口装卸速延工作管理办法》执行。
七、《规定》和本补充规定中有关罚款的规定,适用于大连、秦皇岛、天津、青岛、连云港、上海、黄埔、湛江等八个港口。
八、本补充规定自一九八六年七月一日越发施行。

CIRCULAR OF THE GENERAL OFFICE OF THE STATE COUNCIL CONCERNING THEAPPROVAL AND TRANSMISSION OF SEVERAL ADDITIONAL STIPULATIONS BY THELEADING GROUP FOR PORT AFFAIRS ON STRENGTHENING THE WORK OF UNCLOGGINGHARBOURS

Important Notice: (注意事项)
英文本源自中华人民共和国务院法制局编译, 中国法制出版社出版的《中华人民
共和国涉外法规汇编》(1991年7月版).
当发生歧意时, 应以法律法规颁布单位发布的中文原文为准.
This English document is coming from the "LAWS AND REGULATIONS OF THE
PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA GOVERNING FOREIGN-RELATED MATTERS" (1991.7)
which is compiled by the Brueau of Legislative Affairs of the State
Council of the People's Republic of China, and is published by the China
Legal System Publishing House.
In case of discrepancy, the original version in Chinese shall prevail.

Whole Document (法规全文)
CIRCULAR OF THE GENERAL OFFICE OF THE STATE COUNCIL CONCERNING THE
APPROVAL AND TRANSMISSION OF SEVERAL ADDITIONAL STIPULATIONS BY THE
LEADING GROUP FOR PORT AFFAIRS ON STRENGTHENING THE WORK OF UNCLOGGING
HARBOURS
(June 7, 1986)
The State Council has approved Several Additional Stipulations on
Strengthening the Work of Unclogging Harbours formulated by the Leading
Group for Port Affairs. It is hereby transmitted to you for implementation
conscientiously.
SEVERAL ADDITIONAL STIPULATIONS ON STRENGTHENING THE WORK OF UNCLOGGNG
HARBOURS
Since Several Stipulations on Strengthening the Work of Unclogging
Harbours (hereinafter referred to as Stipulations) were implemented, some
progress has been made in strengthening the planned administration of
foreign trade transport, speeding up the transport of the goods at
harbours and improving economic results. However, during the process of
implementation, some provisions of the Stipulations have been found not
clear enough. With the agreement of the relevant departments, the
following additional stipulations are hereby formulated in order to
further improve the work of unclogging harbours:
1. In order to enforce the plans, the monthly transport plans which have
been balanced by the Ministry of Communications, the Ministry of Railways
and Ministry of Foreign Economic Relations and Trade must be strictly
implemented. The transport plans made and submitted by the relevant units
must conform to the actual situation. In case plans which have been
balanced and incorporated in the monthly transport plans have not been
fulfilled, a fine of 0.5 yuan for every ton of goods shall be imposed on
the relevant units. If the plans cannot be fulfilled due to objective
reasons, no fines shall be imposed.
2. About provisions concerning the fines formulated in the Stipulations:
(1) When a large amount of materials (seasonal goods are not included)
have crowded into a harbour in bulks, if the amount exceeds the monthly
average amount in the yearly plan by 15%, or more, the companies ordering
the goods shall be fined in accordance with the Stipulations.
(2) When goods which are not included in the yearly transport plans arrive
at a harbour and, moreover, the owner has not made any supplementary plans
according to the relevant provisions, fines shall be imposed on the owner
in accordance with the Stipulations.
(3) In case that monthly plans have not been submitted as stipulated, the
materials shall be treated as goods outside the plans. If the vessels are
sent by our country, fines shall be imposed on the shipping companies. If
the vessels are sent by other party, fines shall be imposed on the
companies ordering the goods.
3. If it is necessary to unload goods from some planned vessels at more
than two harbours or more, the shipping agent company at the first harbour
should, according to the relevant stipulations, notify the shipping agent
company at the next harbour of the information concerning the arrival of
the vessels at the next harbour and instruct it to pass on the information
to the office for port affairs, harbour section and other relevant units
at the next harbour. In case of failure to pass on the information in
time, China Ocean Shipping Agency or China National Foreign Trade
Transportation Corporation shall circulate notices to criticize their
respective shipping agent companies.
4. The monthly plan concerning the arrival of vessels and goods which has
been balanced by the Ministry of Communications, the Ministry of Railways
and the Ministry of Foreign Economic Relations and Trade shall be issued
by the Ministry of Communications, with copies sent to the Transportation
Bureaus of the other two ministries and the Office of the Leading Group
for Port Affairs of the State Council. After receiving monthly plans from
the Ministry of Communications, the various harbour sections shall
promptly send copies to the local offices for port affairs, railway
stations and foreign trade transportation companies. Local offices for
port affairs shall take the monthly plans from the Ministry of
Communications as the basis for conducting supervision and checks and
imposing fines on unplanned transportation. The monthly railway plans for
loading and unloading goods at harbours shall be carried out according to
the existing procedures.
5. The monthly transport plan is the guarantee for carrying out the yearly
transport plan. All the harbours, railway departments and owners (agents)
must undertake their respective responsibilities in carrying out the
balanced monthly plans.
(1) Planned vessels must not go beyond the month due to waiting to be
loaded and unloaded. The Ministry of Communications should take this as
one of the main standards in assessing the harbours' performance and shall
carry out regular checks. If planned vessels cannot be loaded or unloaded
within the prescribed period because of the harbours' responsibility, the
Ministry of Communications shall circulate notices of criticism. If such
cases are caused by foreign trade transport, the Ministry of Foreign
Economic Relations and Trade shall circulate notices of criticism.
(2) It is necessary to ensure the fulfilment of the railway monthly
transport plan. If the plan has not been fulfilled because of the
responsibility of the railway department, the competent department for the
railways shall circulate notices of criticism.
(3) For those materials which do not have reasonable directions of
transportation, the railways shall only transport amounts within the quota
(less than 500 ton for general goods; less than 1,000 ton for bulk cargo).
In special cases, the approval of the competent department in the Ministry
of Railways should be obtained; otherwise, the owners shall bear the
economic losses.
(4) The bilateral and multilateral economic agreements signed among the
various relevant units at the ports are a necessary measure to bring into
full play the initiative of all the parties and speed up the turnover of
vehicle, vessels and goods. The various offices for port affairs must do a
good job in this respect.
6. In order to ensure the berth, loading and unloading of planned vessels,
it is necessary to strictly control the number of temporary agreements for
sending back single vessels quickly. Such agreements must not be signed
for vessels outside the plans. All the harbours must strictly implement
the Provisions Concerning Administration of Loading and Unloading for
Foreign Trade Vessels at Chinese Harbours issued by the Ministry of
Communications.
7. The provisions concerning fines in the Stipulations and these
Additional Stipulations shall apply to the eight harbours of Dalian,
Qinhuangdao, Tianjin, Qingdao, Lianyungang, Shanghai, Huangpu and
Zhanjiang.
8. These Additional Stipulations shall go into effect as of July 1, 1986.